![]() Both used steamers for the transportation of mail and passengers between the North German port cities and New York. The eventual result was in 1860 the emergence of Bremen’s Norddeutscher Lloyd (Lloyd), following in the footsteps of the Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG). Schleiden to the United States in 1853, his first task was to negotiate a postal agreement, setting postage rates at a lower price and thus hopefully drawing all German post through Bremen. For example, when the Hanseatic City of Bremen dispatched Rudolph M. Representatives negotiated postal agreements that not only included low postage rates but also stipulated transportation on board steamships, usually in direct communications between New York and the signatory country. Lucrative mail routes and mail packet routes attracted steamers. For example, in 1860, merchants and ship owners in the British Empire operated 2,337 steamships in addition, there were 36,164 sailing vessels. In 1860, cargo and people still travelled on slow sailing vessels, but the role of steamships was growing in importance. The Civil War witnessed a continuation of the promotion of trade links and foreshadowed the imperial connections of the decades following the war. Direct communications with other countries in the Americas could offer an opportunity to outmaneuver European rivals and establish an informal U.S. Some Civil War era officials foresaw the potential of steamships as agents of empire. Boosters and merchants in port cities along the eastern seaboard increasingly desired to enhance trade and communication by attracting regular, direct trade lines. By the time of the Civil War, steam power had conquered time and space on iron rails and made an impact on the high seas. Civil War armies benefited from the use of telegraphs, which were still slow by modern standards, but oceans presented significant barriers. In the middle of the nineteenth century, weeks could pass before a letter reached its recipient on the other side of the ocean. Today, a simple click and mere seconds separate the writer and reader of a message they communicate instantaneously with one another across vast distances. Forum: The Future of Civil War Era Studies.Reconstruction in Public History and Memory at the Sesquicentennial: A Roundtable Discussion.Maintaining a Radical Vision of African Americans in the Age of Freedom.In a Class by Itself: Slavery and the Emergence of Capitalist Social Relations during Reconstruction.Birthright Citizenship and Reconstruction’s Unfinished Revolution.The Civil War and State-Building: A Reconsideration.Forum: The Future of Reconstruction Studies.
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